It takes place in two phases, with the first occurring in the mid-1970s and accounting for a larger share of the world’s throughput. The second wave represents an expansion of containerization within the triad and its regional trade partners. Still, due to market or technical reasons, they were unable to keep this initial advantage because of factors entirely outside their control, such as a shift in trade patterns. The first wave underlines that several pioneers were able to capture the opportunities of containerization. The exception is Australia, where Sydney and Brisbane remained dominant gateways. For instance, the initial primacy of Oakland was overtaken by the ports of Los Angeles / Long Beach, covering a wider regional market and having more room for expansion and better inland connections. Few of these ports kept their primacy, which is partly explained by the fact that the rationale behind their emergence played to a much lesser extent or that limited room was available for terminal expansion.Ī port site could be suitable for a specific volume, but there may be limited opportunities for port expansion once this volume has been reached. These ports accounted for the dominant share (about 80%) of the global throughput in 1970, but this share fell rapidly afterward. They are almost all part of the economic triad that leaded globalization North America, Western Europe, Japan, and Australia. ![]() ![]() New York, Yokohama, Oakland, and Hamburg). By the 1970s, regular transatlantic (Northern range of Western Europe and American East Coast) and transpacific services (Japan, Australia to a lesser extent, and American West Coast) were established through ports that were the firsts to adopt containerization and are thus considered to be the pioneers (e.g. The first containerized services were established by Sea-Land in the late 1950s and early 1960s, linking ports in North America and the Caribbean. The geographical diffusion of container port growth took place in five major waves (phases) Early trade susbtitution
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